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computerized physician order entry cpoe
computerized physician order entry
cpoes
cope and the facilitation of medication errors
computerized physician order entry cpoe
patient safety management
Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) with Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs)
Rainu Kaushal, M.D., M.P.H.
David W. Bates, M.D., M.Sc.
Harvard Medical School
Background
Medication errors and adverse drug events (ADEs) are common, costly, and clinically important problems.1-7 Two inpatient studies, one in adults and one in pediatrics, have found that about half of medication errors occur at the stage of drug ordering,2,7 although direct observation studies have indicated that many errors also occur at the administration stage.8 The principal types of medication errors, apart from missing a dose, include incorrect medication dose, frequency, or route.2 ADEs are injuries that result from the use of a drug. Systems-based analysis of medication errors and ADEs suggest that changes in the medication ordering system, including the introduction of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) with clinical decision support systems (CDSSs), may reduce medication-related errors.9
Despite growing evidence and public mandates, implementation of CPOE has been limited. The Leapfrog Group, a consortium of companies from the Business Roundtable, has endorsed CPOE in hospitals as one of the 3 changes that would most improve patient safety in America (see also Chapter 55).10 A Medicare Payment Advisory Commission report suggested instituting financial incentives for CPOE implementation.11 US Senators Bob Graham (D-Fla.) and Olympia Snowe (R-Maine) recently introduced a bill, entitled the "Medication Errors Reduction Act of 2001," to establish an informatics system grant program for hospitals and skilled nursing facilities.12 In addition, California recently enacted legislation stipulating that acute care hospitals implement information technology, such as CPOE to reduce medication-related errors.13
Practice Description
CPOE refers to a variety of computer-based systems of ordering medications, which share the common features of automating the medication ordering process. Basic CPOE ensures standardized, legible, complete orders by only accepting typed orders in a standard and complete format. Almost all CPOE systems include or interface with CDSSs of varying sophistication. Basic clinical decision support may include suggestions or default values for drug doses, routes, and frequencies. More sophisticated CDSSs can perform drug allergy checks, drug-laboratory value checks, drug-drug interaction checks, in addition to providing reminders about corollary orders (e.g., prompting the user to order glucose checks after ordering insulin) or drug guidelines to the physician at the time of drug ordering (see also Chapter 53).
At times, CDSSs are implemented without CPOE. Isolated CDSSs can provide advice on drug selection, dosages, and duration. More refined CDSSs can incorporate patient-specific information (for example recommending appropriate anticoagulation regimens), or incorporate pathogen-specific information such as suggesting appropriate anti-infective regimens. After viewing such advice, the physician proceeds with a conventional handwritten medication order.
The result. Provides computerized physician order entry computerized physician order entry cpoe product or service and cpoes patient safety management and also patient safety management computerized physician order entry. Learn more about our: Conventional IT outsourcing is often viewed as a tactical solution best suited to addressing specific business problems. FCG's blended sourcing offers healthcare providers an alternative with long-term, strategic potential. Our approach combines the best of your existing information infrastructure with select outside resources offering you efficient ways to: No other organization is better prepared to offer you this wide range of adaptable blended sourcing options than FCG. Our 25 years of experience serving the healthcare industry means we understand your business. Provides computerized physician order entry computerized physician order entry cpoe product or service and cpoes patient safety management and also patient safety management computerized physician order entry.